8 Other types of symptoms like stiffness and bothersomeness, still important to patients, are less well investigated. 1 4 5 Research indicates that remissions in symptoms are temporary rather than permanent 6 7 and cervical and lumbar pain becomes chronic in 25%–60% of cases. 1 Cervical and lumbar pain contribute to large economic and societal costs and are major sources of work disability, being either the first or second ranked cause of years lived with disability between the ages of 20 and 79 years. 3 The prevalence of both cervical and lumbar pain has increased markedly over the past 25 years (cervical 21.1% and lumbar 17.3%), and these rates are expected to continue rising. 1 Of those who report cervical and lumbar pain, the proportion is higher in females for both cervical (59%) 2 and lumbar (52%) pain. Cervical and lumbar symptoms like pain are the leading cause of musculoskeletal disability in most countries and most age groups.
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